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GNU make NEWS --indented-text-- History of user-visible changes. 28 July 2010 See the end of this file for copyrights and conditions. All changes mentioned here are more fully described in the GNU make manual, which is contained in this distribution as the file doc/make.texi. See the README file and the GNU make manual for instructions for reporting bugs. Version 3.82 A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here: http://sv.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=104&set=custom * Compiling GNU make now requires a conforming ISO C 1989 compiler and standard runtime library. * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! The POSIX standard for make was changed in the 2008 version in a fundamentally incompatible way: make is required to invoke the shell as if the '-e' flag were provided. Because this would break many makefiles that have been written to conform to the original text of the standard, the default behavior of GNU make remains to invoke the shell with simply '-c'. However, any makefile specifying the .POSIX special target will follow the new POSIX standard and pass '-e' to the shell. See also .SHELLFLAGS below. * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! The '$?' variable now contains all prerequisites that caused the target to be considered out of date, even if they do not exist (previously only existing targets were provided in $?). * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! Wildcards were not documented as returning sorted values, but the results have been sorted up until this release.. If your makefiles require sorted results from wildcard expansions, use the $(sort ...) function to request it explicitly. * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! In previous versions of make it was acceptable to list one or more explicit targets followed by one or more pattern targets in the same rule and it worked "as expected". However, this was not documented as acceptable and if you listed any explicit targets AFTER the pattern targets, the entire rule would be mis-parsed. This release removes this ability completely: make will generate an error message if you mix explicit and pattern targets in the same rule. * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! As a result of parser enhancements, three backward-compatibility issues exist: first, a prerequisite containing an "=" cannot be escaped with a backslash any longer. You must create a variable containing an "=" and use that variable in the prerequisite. Second, variable names can no longer contain whitespace, unless you put the whitespace in a variable and use the variable. Third, in previous versions of make it was sometimes not flagged as an error for explicit and pattern targets to appear in the same rule. Now this is always reported as an error. * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! The pattern-specific variables and pattern rules are now applied in the shortest stem first order instead of the definition order (variables and rules with the same stem length are still applied in the definition order). This produces the usually-desired behavior where more specific patterns are preferred. To detect this feature search for 'shortest-stem' in the .FEATURES special variable. * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! The library search behavior has changed to be compatible with the standard linker behavior. Prior to this version for prerequisites specified using the -lfoo syntax make first searched for libfoo.so in the current directory, vpath directories, and system directories. If that didn't yield a match, make then searched for libfoo.a in these directories. Starting with this version make searches first for libfoo.so and then for libfoo.a in each of these directories in order. * New command line option: --eval=STRING causes STRING to be evaluated as makefile syntax (akin to using the $(eval ...) function). The evaluation is performed after all default rules and variables are defined, but before any makefiles are read. * New special variable: .RECIPEPREFIX allows you to reset the recipe introduction character from the default (TAB) to something else. The first character of this variable value is the new recipe introduction character. If the variable is set to the empty string, TAB is used again. It can be set and reset at will; recipes will use the value active when they were first parsed. To detect this feature check the value of $(.RECIPEPREFIX). * New special variable: .SHELLFLAGS allows you to change the options passed to the shell when it invokes recipes. By default the value will be "-c" (or "-ec" if .POSIX is set). * New special target: .ONESHELL instructs make to invoke a single instance of the shell and provide it with the entire recipe, regardless of how many lines it contains. As a special feature to allow more straightforward conversion of makefiles to use .ONESHELL, any recipe line control characters ('@', '+', or '-') will be removed from the second and subsequent recipe lines. This happens _only_ if the SHELL value is deemed to be a standard POSIX-style shell. If not, then no interior line control characters are removed (as they may be part of the scripting language used with the alternate SHELL). * New variable modifier 'private': prefixing a variable assignment with the modifier 'private' suppresses inheritance of that variable by prerequisites. This is most useful for target- and pattern-specific variables. * New make directive: 'undefine' allows you to undefine a variable so that it appears as if it was never set. Both $(flavor) and $(origin) functions will return 'undefined' for such a variable. To detect this feature search for 'undefine' in the .FEATURES special variable. * The parser for variable assignments has been enhanced to allow multiple modifiers ('export', 'override', 'private') on the same line as variables, including define/endef variables, and in any order. Also, it is possible to create variables and targets named as these modifiers. * The 'define' make directive now allows a variable assignment operator after the variable name, to allow for simple, conditional, or appending multi-line variable assignment. Version 3.81 * GNU make is ported to OS/2. * GNU make is ported to MinGW. The MinGW build is only supported by the build_w32.bat batch file; see the file README.W32 for more details. * WARNING: Future backward-incompatibility! Up to and including this release, the '$?' variable does not contain any prerequisite that does not exist, even though that prerequisite might have caused the target to rebuild. Starting with the _next_ release of GNU make, '$?' will contain all prerequisites that caused the target to be considered out of date. See this Savannah bug: http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?func=detailitem&item_id=16051 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! GNU make now implements a generic "second expansion" feature on the prerequisites of both explicit and implicit (pattern) rules. In order to enable this feature, the special target '.SECONDEXPANSION' must be defined before the first target which takes advantage of it. If this feature is enabled then after all rules have been parsed the prerequisites are expanded again, this time with all the automatic variables in scope. This means that in addition to using standard SysV $$@ in prerequisites lists, you can also use complex functions such as $$(notdir $$@) etc. This behavior applies to implicit rules, as well, where the second expansion occurs when the rule is matched. However, this means that when '.SECONDEXPANSION' is enabled you must double-quote any "$" in your filenames; instead of "foo: boo$$bar" you now must write "foo: foo$$$$bar". Note that the SysV $$@ etc. feature, which used to be available by default, is now ONLY available when the .SECONDEXPANSION target is defined. If your makefiles take advantage of this SysV feature you will need to update them. * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! In order to comply with POSIX, the way in which GNU make processes backslash-newline sequences in recipes has changed. If your makefiles use backslash-newline sequences inside of single-quoted strings in recipes you will be impacted by this change. See the GNU make manual subsection "Splitting Recipe Lines" (node "Splitting Lines"), in section "Recipe Syntax", chapter "Writing Recipe in Rules", for details. * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! Some previous versions of GNU make had a bug where "#" in a function invocation such as $(shell ...) was treated as a make comment. A workaround was to escape these with backslashes. This bug has been fixed: if your makefile uses "\#" in a function invocation the backslash is now preserved, so you'll need to remove it. * New command line option: -L (--check-symlink-times). On systems that support symbolic links, if this option is given then GNU make will use the most recent modification time of any symbolic links that are used to resolve target files. The default behavior remains as it always has: use the modification time of the actual target file only. * The "else" conditional line can now be followed by any other valid conditional on the same line: this does not increase the depth of the conditional nesting, so only one "endif" is required to close the conditional. * All pattern-specific variables that match a given target are now used (previously only the first match was used). * Target-specific variables can be marked as exportable using the "export" keyword. * In a recursive $(call ...) context, any extra arguments from the outer call are now masked in the context of the inner call. * Implemented a solution for the "thundering herd" problem with "-j -l". This version of GNU make uses an algorithm suggested by Thomas Riedl <thomas.riedl@siemens.com> to track the number of jobs started in the last second and artificially adjust GNU make's view of the system's load average accordingly. * New special variables available in this release: - .INCLUDE_DIRS: Expands to a list of directories that make searches for included makefiles. - .FEATURES: Contains a list of special features available in this version of GNU make. - .DEFAULT_GOAL: Set the name of the default goal make will use if no goals are provided on the command line. - MAKE_RESTARTS: If set, then this is the number of times this instance of make has been restarted (see "How Makefiles Are Remade" in the manual). - New automatic variable: $\| (added in 3.80, actually): contains all the order-only prerequisites defined for the target. * New functions available in this release: - $(lastword ...) returns the last word in the list. This gives identical results as $(word $(words ...) ...), but is much faster. - $(abspath ...) returns the absolute path (all "." and ".." directories resolved, and any duplicate "/" characters removed) for each path provided. - $(realpath ...) returns the canonical pathname for each path provided. The canonical pathname is the absolute pathname, with all symbolic links resolved as well. - $(info ...) prints its arguments to stdout. No makefile name or line number info, etc. is printed. - $(flavor ...) returns the flavor of a variable. - $(or ...) provides a short-circuiting OR conditional: each argument is expanded. The first true (non-empty) argument is returned; no further arguments are expanded. Expands to empty if there are no true arguments. - $(and ...) provides a short-circuiting AND conditional: each argument is expanded. The first false (empty) argument is returned; no further arguments are expanded. Expands to the last argument if all arguments are true. * Changes made for POSIX compatibility: - Only touch targets (under -t) if they have a recipe. - Setting the SHELL make variable does NOT change the value of the SHELL environment variable given to programs invoked by make. As an enhancement to POSIX, if you export the make variable SHELL then it will be set in the environment, just as before. * On MS Windows systems, explicitly setting SHELL to a pathname ending in "cmd" or "cmd.exe" (case-insensitive) will force GNU make to use the DOS command interpreter in batch mode even if a UNIX-like shell could be found on the system. * On VMS there is now support for case-sensitive filesystems such as ODS5. See the readme.vms file for information. * Parallel builds (-jN) no longer require a working Bourne shell on Windows platforms. They work even with the stock Windows shells, such as cmd.exe and command.com. * Updated to autoconf 2.59, automake 1.9.5, and gettext 0.14.1. Users should not be impacted. * New translations for Swedish, Chinese (simplified), Ukrainian, Belarusian, Finnish, Kinyarwandan, and Irish. Many updated translations. A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here: http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=103 Version 3.80 * A new feature exists: order-only prerequisites. These prerequisites affect the order in which targets are built, but they do not impact the rebuild/no-rebuild decision of their dependents. That is to say, they allow you to require target B be built before target A, without requiring that target A will always be rebuilt if target B is updated. Patch for this feature provided by Greg McGary <greg@mcgary.org>. * For compatibility with SysV make, GNU make now supports the peculiar syntax $$@, $$(@D), and $$(@F) in the prerequisites list of a rule. This syntax is only valid within explicit and static pattern rules: it cannot be used in implicit (suffix or pattern) rules. Edouard G. Parmelan <egp@free.fr> provided a patch implementing this feature; however, I decided to implement it in a different way. * The argument to the "ifdef" conditional is now expanded before it's tested, so it can be a constructed variable name. Similarly, the arguments to "export" (when not used in a variable definition context) and "unexport" are also now expanded. * A new function is defined: $(value ...). The argument to this function is the _name_ of a variable. The result of the function is the value of the variable, without having been expanded. * A new function is defined: $(eval ...). The arguments to this function should expand to makefile commands, which will then be evaluated as if they had appeared in the makefile. In combination with define/endef multiline variable definitions this is an extremely powerful capability. The $(value ...) function is also sometimes useful here. * A new built-in variable is defined, $(MAKEFILE_LIST). It contains a list of each makefile GNU make has read, or started to read, in the order in which they were encountered. So, the last filename in the list when a makefile is just being read (before any includes) is the name of the current makefile. * A new built-in variable is defined: $(.VARIABLES). When it is expanded it returns a complete list of variable names defined by all makefiles at that moment. * A new command line option is defined, -B or --always-make. If specified GNU make will consider all targets out-of-date even if they would otherwise not be. * The arguments to $(call ...) functions were being stored in $1, $2, etc. as recursive variables, even though they are fully expanded before assignment. This means that escaped dollar signs ($$ etc.) were not behaving properly. Now the arguments are stored as simple variables. This may mean that if you added extra escaping to your $(call ...) function arguments you will need to undo it now. * The variable invoked by $(call ...) can now be recursive: unlike other variables it can reference itself and this will not produce an error when it is used as the first argument to $(call ...) (but only then). * New pseudo-target .LOW_RESOLUTION_TIME, superseding the configure option --disable-nsec-timestamps. You might need this if your build process depends on tools like "cp -p" preserving time stamps, since "cp -p" (right now) doesn't preserve the subsecond portion of a time stamp. * Updated translations for French, Galician, German, Japanese, Korean, and Russian. New translations for Croatian, Danish, Hebrew, and Turkish. * Updated internationalization support to Gettext 0.11.5. GNU make now uses Gettext's "external" feature, and does not include any internationalization code itself. Configure will search your system for an existing implementation of GNU Gettext (only GNU Gettext is acceptable) and use it if it exists. If not, NLS will be disabled. See ABOUT-NLS for more information. * Updated to autoconf 2.54 and automake 1.7. Users should not be impacted. A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here: http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=102 Version 3.79.1 * .SECONDARY with no prerequisites now prevents any target from being removed because make thinks it's an intermediate file, not just those listed in the makefile. * New configure option --disable-nsec-timestamps, but this was superseded in later versions by the .LOW_RESOLUTION_TIME pseudo-target. Version 3.79 * GNU make optionally supports internationalization and locales via the GNU gettext (or local gettext if suitable) package. See the ABOUT-NLS file for more information on configuring GNU make for NLS. * Previously, GNU make quoted variables such as MAKEFLAGS and MAKEOVERRIDES for proper parsing by the shell. This allowed them to be used within make build scripts. However, using them there is not proper behavior: they are meant to be passed to subshells via the environment. Unfortunately the values were not quoted properly to be passed through the environment. This meant that make didn't properly pass some types of command line values to submakes. With this version we change that behavior: now these variables are quoted properly for passing through the environment, which is the correct way to do it. If you previously used these variables explicitly within a make rule you may need to re-examine your use for correctness given this change. * A new pseudo-target .NOTPARALLEL is available. If defined, the current makefile is run serially regardless of the value of -j. However, submakes are still eligible for parallel execution. * The --debug option has changed: it now allows optional flags controlling the amount and type of debugging output. By default only a minimal amount information is generated, displaying the names of "normal" targets (not makefiles) that were deemed out of date and in need of being rebuilt. Note that the -d option behaves as before: it takes no arguments and all debugging information is generated. * The `-p' (print database) output now includes filename and linenumber information for variable definitions, to aid debugging. * The wordlist function no longer reverses its arguments if the "start" value is greater than the "end" value. If that's true, nothing is returned. * Hartmut Becker provided many updates for the VMS port of GNU make. See the readme.vms file for more details. Version 3.78 * Two new functions, $(error ...) and $(warning ...) are available. The former will cause make to fail and exit immediately upon expansion of the function, with the text provided as the error message. The latter causes the text provided to be printed as a warning message, but make proceeds normally. * A new function $(call ...) is available. This allows users to create their own parameterized macros and invoke them later. Original implementation of this function was provided by Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@cs.uu.nl>. * A new function $(if ...) is available. It provides if-then-else capabilities in a builtin function. Original implementation of this function was provided by Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@cs.uu.nl>. * Make defines a new variable, .LIBPATTERNS. This variable controls how library dependency expansion (dependencies like ``-lfoo'') is performed. * Make accepts CRLF sequences as well as traditional LF, for compatibility with makefiles created on other operating systems. * Make accepts a new option: -R, or --no-builtin-variables. This option disables the definition of the rule-specific builtin variables (CC, LD, AR, etc.). Specifying this option forces -r (--no-builtin-rules) as well. * A "job server" feature, suggested by Howard Chu <hyc@highlandsun.com>. On systems that support POSIX pipe(2) semantics, GNU make can now pass -jN options to submakes rather than forcing them all to use -j1. The top make and all its sub-make processes use a pipe to communicate with each other to ensure that no more than N jobs are started across all makes. To get the old behavior of -j back, you can configure make with the --disable-job-server option. * The confusing term "dependency" has been replaced by the more accurate and standard term "prerequisite", both in the manual and in all GNU make output. * GNU make supports the "big archive" library format introduced in AIX 4.3. * GNU make supports large files on AIX, HP-UX, and IRIX. These changes were provided by Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>. (Large file support for Solaris and Linux was introduced in 3.77, but the configuration had issues: these have also been resolved). * The Windows 95/98/NT (W32) version of GNU make now has native support for the Cygnus Cygwin release B20.1 shell (bash). * The GNU make regression test suite, long available separately "under the table", has been integrated into the release. You can invoke it by running "make check" in the distribution. Note that it requires Perl (either Perl 4 or Perl 5) to run. Version 3.77 * Implement BSD make's "?=" variable assignment operator. The variable is assigned the specified value only if that variable is not already defined. * Make defines a new variable, "CURDIR", to contain the current working directory (after the -C option, if any, has been processed). Modifying this variable has no effect on the operation of make. * Make defines a new default RCS rule, for new-style master file storage: ``% :: RCS/%'' (note no ``,v'' suffix). Make defines new default rules for DOS-style C++ file naming conventions, with ``.cpp'' suffixes. All the same rules as for ``.cc'' and ``.C'' suffixes are provided, along with LINK.cpp and COMPILE.cpp macros (which default to the same value as LINK.cc and COMPILE.cc). Note CPPFLAGS is still C preprocessor flags! You should use CXXFLAGS to change C++ compiler flags. * A new feature, "target-specific variable values", has been added. This is a large change so please see the appropriate sections of the manual for full details. Briefly, syntax like this: TARGET: VARIABLE = VALUE defines VARIABLE as VALUE within the context of TARGET. This is similar to SunOS make's "TARGET := VARIABLE = VALUE" feature. Note that the assignment may be of any type, not just recursive, and that the override keyword is available. COMPATIBILITY: This new syntax means that if you have any rules where the first or second dependency has an equal sign (=) in its name, you'll have to escape them with a backslash: "foo : bar\=baz". Further, if you have any dependencies which already contain "\=", you'll have to escape both of them: "foo : bar\\\=baz". * A new appendix listing the most common error and warning messages generated by GNU make, with some explanation, has been added to the GNU make User's Manual. * Updates to the GNU make Customs library support (see README.customs). * Updates to the Windows 95/NT port from Rob Tulloh (see README.W32), and to the DOS port from Eli Zaretski (see README.DOS). Version 3.76.1 * Small (but serious) bug fix. Quick rollout to get into the GNU source CD. Version 3.76 * GNU make now uses automake to control Makefile.in generation. This should make it more consistent with the GNU standards. * VPATH functionality has been changed to incorporate the VPATH+ patch, previously maintained by Paul Smith <psmith@baynetworks.com>. See the manual. * Make defines a new variable, `MAKECMDGOALS', to contain the goals that were specified on the command line, if any. Modifying this variable has no effect on the operation of make. * A new function, `$(wordlist S,E,TEXT)', is available: it returns a list of words from number S to number E (inclusive) of TEXT. * Instead of an error, detection of future modification times gives a warning and continues. The warning is repeated just before GNU make exits, so it is less likely to be lost. * Fix the $(basename) and $(suffix) functions so they only operate on the last filename, not the entire string: Command Old Result New Result ------- ---------- ---------- $(basename a.b) a a $(basename a.b/c) a a.b/c $(suffix a.b) b b $(suffix a.b/c) b/c <empty> * The $(strip) function now removes newlines as well as TABs and spaces. * The $(shell) function now changes CRLF (\r\n) pairs to a space as well as newlines (\n). * Updates to the Windows 95/NT port from Rob Tulloh (see README.W32). * Eli Zaretskii has updated the port to 32-bit protected mode on MSDOS and MS-Windows, building with the DJGPP v2 port of GNU C/C++ compiler and utilities. See README.DOS for details, and direct all questions concerning this port to Eli Zaretskii <eliz@is.elta.co.il> or DJ Delorie <dj@delorie.com>. * John W. Eaton has updated the VMS port to support libraries and VPATH. Version 3.75 * The directory messages printed by `-w' and implicitly in sub-makes, are now omitted if Make runs no commands and has no other messages to print. * Make now detects files that for whatever reason have modification times in the future and gives an error. Files with such impossible timestamps can result from unsynchronized clocks, or archived distributions containing bogus timestamps; they confuse Make's dependency engine thoroughly. * The new directive `sinclude' is now recognized as another name for `-include', for compatibility with some other Makes. * Aaron Digulla has contributed a port to AmigaDOS. See README.Amiga for details, and direct all Amiga-related questions to <digulla@fh-konstanz.de>. * Rob Tulloh of Tivoli Systems has contributed a port to Windows NT or 95. See README.W32 for details, and direct all Windows-related questions to <rob_tulloh@tivoli.com>. Version 3.73 * Converted to use Autoconf version 2, so `configure' has some new options. See INSTALL for details. * You can now send a SIGUSR1 signal to Make to toggle printing of debugging output enabled by -d, at any time during the run. Version 3.72 * DJ Delorie has ported Make to MS-DOS using the GO32 extender. He is maintaining the DOS port, not the GNU Make maintainer; please direct bugs and questions for DOS to <djgpp@sun.soe.clarkson.edu>. MS-DOS binaries are available for FTP from ftp.simtel.net in /pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/. * The `MAKEFLAGS' variable (in the environment or in a makefile) can now contain variable definitions itself; these are treated just like command line variable definitions. Make will automatically insert any variable definitions from the environment value of `MAKEFLAGS' or from the command line, into the `MAKEFLAGS' value exported to children. The `MAKEOVERRIDES' variable previously included in the value of `$(MAKE)' for sub-makes is now included in `MAKEFLAGS' instead. As before, you can reset `MAKEOVERRIDES' in your makefile to avoid putting all the variables in the environment when its size is limited. * If `.DELETE_ON_ERROR' appears as a target, Make will delete the target of a rule if it has changed when its recipe exits with a nonzero status, just as when the recipe gets a signal. * The automatic variable `$+' is new. It lists all the dependencies like `$^', but preserves duplicates listed in the makefile. This is useful for linking rules, where library files sometimes need to be listed twice in the link order. * You can now specify the `.IGNORE' and `.SILENT' special targets with dependencies to limit their effects to those files. If a file appears as a dependency of `.IGNORE', then errors will be ignored while running the recipe to update that file. Likewise if a file appears as a dependency of `.SILENT', then the recipe to update that file will not be printed before it is run. (This change was made to conform to POSIX.2.) Version 3.71 * The automatic variables `$(@D)', `$(%D)', `$(D)', `$(<D)', `$(?D)', and `$(^D)' now omit the trailing slash from the directory name. (This change was made to comply with POSIX.2.) The source distribution now includes the Info files for the Make manual. There is no longer a separate distribution containing Info and DVI files. * You can now set the variables `binprefix' and/or `manprefix' in Makefile.in (or on the command line when installing) to install GNU make under a name other than `make' (i.e., ``make binprefix=g install'' installs GNU make as `gmake'). * The built-in Texinfo rules use the new variables `TEXI2DVI_FLAGS' for flags to the `texi2dvi' script, and `MAKEINFO_FLAGS' for flags to the Makeinfo program. * The exit status of Make when it runs into errors is now 2 instead of 1. The exit status is 1 only when using -q and some target is not up to date. (This change was made to comply with POSIX.2.) Version 3.70 * It is no longer a fatal error to have a NUL character in a makefile. You should never put a NUL in a makefile because it can have strange results, but otherwise empty lines full of NULs (such as produced by the `xmkmf' program) will always work fine. * The error messages for nonexistent included makefiles now refer to the makefile name and line number where the `include' appeared, so Emacs's C-x ` command takes you there (in case it's a typo you need to fix). Version 3.69 * Implicit rule search for archive member references is now done in the opposite order from previous versions: the whole target name `LIB(MEM)' first, and just the member name and parentheses `(MEM)' second. * Make now gives an error for an unterminated variable or function reference. For example, `$(foo' with no matching `)' or `${bar' with no matching `}'. * The new default variable `MAKE_VERSION' gives the version number of Make, and a string describing the remote job support compiled in (if any). Thus the value (in this release) is something like `3.69' or `3.69-Customs'. * Commands in an invocation of the `shell' function are no longer run with a modified environment like recipes are. As in versions before 3.68, they now run with the environment that `make' started with. We have reversed the change made in version 3.68 because it turned out to cause a paradoxical situation in cases like: export variable = $(shell echo value) When Make attempted to put this variable in the environment for a recipe, it would try expand the value by running the shell command `echo value'. In version 3.68, because it constructed an environment for that shell command in the same way, Make would begin to go into an infinite loop and then get a fatal error when it detected the loop. * The recipe given for `.DEFAULT' is now used for phony targets with no recipe. Version 3.68 * You can list several archive member names inside parenthesis: `lib(mem1 mem2 mem3)' is equivalent to `lib(mem1) lib(mem2) lib(mem3)'. * You can use wildcards inside archive member references. For example, `lib(.o)' expands to all existing members of `lib' whose names end in `.o' (e.g. `lib(a.o) lib(b.o)'); `.a(.o)' expands to all such members of all existing files whose names end in `.a' (e.g. `foo.a(a.o) foo.a(b.o) bar.a(c.o) bar.a(d.o)'. A suffix rule `.X.a' now produces two pattern rules: (%.o): %.X # Previous versions produced only this. %.a: %.X # Now produces this as well, just like other suffixes. * The new flag `--warn-undefined-variables' says to issue a warning message whenever Make expands a reference to an undefined variable. * The new `-include' directive is just like `include' except that there is no error (not even a warning) for a nonexistent makefile. * Commands in an invocation of the `shell' function are now run with a modified environment like recipes are, so you can use `export' et al to set up variables for them. They used to run with the environment that `make' started with. Version 3.66 * `make --version' (or `make -v') now exits immediately after printing the version number. Version 3.65 * Make now supports long-named members in `ar' archive files. Version 3.64 * Make now supports the `+=' syntax for a variable definition which appends to the variable's previous value. See the section `Appending More Text to Variables' in the manual for full details. * The new option `--no-print-directory' inhibits the `-w' or `--print-directory' feature. Make turns on `--print-directory' automatically if you use `-C' or `--directory', and in sub-makes; some users have found this behavior undesirable. * The built-in implicit rules now support the alternative extension `.txinfo' for Texinfo files, just like `.texinfo' and `.texi'. Version 3.63 * Make now uses a standard GNU `configure' script. See the new file INSTALL for the new (and much simpler) installation procedure. * There is now a shell script to build Make the first time, if you have no other `make' program. `build.sh' is created by `configure'; see README. * GNU Make now completely conforms to the POSIX.2 specification for `make'. * Elements of the `$^' and `$?' automatic variables that are archive member references now list only the member name, as in Unix and POSIX.2. * You should no longer ever need to specify the `-w' switch, which prints the current directory before and after Make runs. The `-C' switch to change directory, and recursive use of Make, now set `-w' automatically. * Multiple double-colon rules for the same target will no longer have their recipes run simultaneously under -j, as this could result in the two recipes trying to change the file at the same time and interfering with one another. * The `SHELL' variable is now never taken from the environment. Each makefile that wants a shell other than the default (/bin/sh) must set SHELL itself. SHELL is always exported to child processes. This change was made for compatibility with POSIX.2. * Make now accepts long options. There is now an informative usage message that tells you what all the options are and what they do. Try `make --help'. * There are two new directives: `export' and `unexport'. All variables are no longer automatically put into the environments of the recipe lines that Make runs. Instead, only variables specified on the command line or in the environment are exported by default. To export others, use: export VARIABLE or you can define variables with: export VARIABLE = VALUE or: export VARIABLE := VALUE You can use just: export or: .EXPORT_ALL_VARIABLES: to get the old behavior. See the node `Variables/Recursion' in the manual for a full description. * The recipe from the `.DEFAULT' special target is only applied to targets which have no rules at all, not all targets with no recipe. This change was made for compatibility with Unix make. * All fatal error messages now contain `**', so they are easy to find in compilation logs. Dependency file names like `-lNAME' are now replaced with the actual file name found, as with files found by normal directory search (VPATH). The library file `libNAME.a' may now be found in the current directory, which is checked before VPATH; the standard set of directories (/lib, /usr/lib, /usr/local/lib) is now checked last. See the node `Libraries/Search' in the manual for full details. * A single `include' directive can now specify more than one makefile to include, like this: include file1 file2 You can also use shell file name patterns in an `include' directive: include .mk The default directories to search for included makefiles, and for libraries specified with `-lNAME', are now set by configuration. * You can now use blanks as well as colons to separate the directories in a search path for the `vpath' directive or the `VPATH' variable. * You can now use variables and functions in the left hand side of a variable assignment, as in "$(foo)bar = value". * The `MAKE' variable is always defined as `$(MAKE_COMMAND) $(MAKEOVERRIDES)'. The `MAKE_COMMAND' variable is now defined to the name with which make was invoked. * The built-in rules for C++ compilation now use the variables `$(CXX)' and `$(CXXFLAGS)' instead of `$(C++)' and `$(C++FLAGS)'. The old names had problems with shells that cannot have `+' in environment variable names. * The value of a recursively expanded variable is now expanded when putting it into the environment for child processes. This change was made for compatibility with Unix make. * A rule with no targets before the `:' is now accepted and ignored. This change was made for compatibility with SunOS 4 make. We do not recommend that you write your makefiles to take advantage of this. * The `-I' switch can now be used in MAKEFLAGS, and are put there automatically just like other switches. Version 3.61 * Built-in rules for C++ source files with the `.C' suffix. We still recommend that you use `.cc' instead. * If a recipe is given too many times for a single target, the last one given is used, and a warning message is printed. * Error messages about makefiles are in standard GNU error format, so C-x ` in Emacs works on them. * Dependencies of pattern rules which contain no % need not actually exist if they can be created (just like dependencies which do have a %). Version 3.60 * A message is always printed when Make decides there is nothing to be done. It used to be that no message was printed for top-level phony targets (because "`phony' is up to date" isn't quite right). Now a different message "Nothing to be done for `phony'" is printed in that case. * Archives on AIX now supposedly work. * When the recipes specified for .DEFAULT are used to update a target, the $< automatic variable is given the same value as $@ for that target. This is how Unix make behaves, and this behavior is mandated by POSIX.2. Version 3.59 * The -n, -q, and -t options are not put in the `MAKEFLAGS' and `MFLAG' variables while remaking makefiles, so recursive makes done while remaking makefiles will behave properly. * If the special target `.NOEXPORT' is specified in a makefile, only variables that came from the environment and variables defined on the command line are exported. Version 3.58 * Suffix rules may have dependencies (which are ignored). Version 3.57 * Dependencies of the form `-lLIB' are searched for as /usr/local/lib/libLIB.a as well as libLIB.a in /usr/lib, /lib, the current directory, and VPATH. Version 3.55 * There is now a Unix man page for GNU Make. It is certainly not a replacement for the Texinfo manual, but it documents the basic functionality and the switches. For full documentation, you should still read the Texinfo manual. Thanks to Dennis Morse of Stanford University for contributing the initial version of this. * Variables which are defined by default (e.g., `CC') will no longer be put into the environment for child processes. (If these variables are reset by the environment, makefiles, or the command line, they will still go into the environment.) * Makefiles which have recipes but no dependencies (and thus are always considered out of date and in need of remaking), will not be remade (if they were being remade only because they were makefiles). This means that GNU Make will no longer go into an infinite loop when fed the makefiles that `imake' (necessary to build X Windows) produces. * There is no longer a warning for using the `vpath' directive with an explicit pathname (instead of a `%' pattern). Version 3.51 * When removing intermediate files, only one `rm' command line is printed, listing all file names. * There are now automatic variables `$(^D)', `$(^F)', `$(?D)', and `$(?F)'. These are the directory-only and file-only versions of `$^' and `$?'. * Library dependencies given as `-lNAME' will use "libNAME.a" in the current directory if it exists. * The automatic variable `$($/)' is no longer defined. * Leading `+' characters on a recipe line make that line be executed even under -n, -t, or -q (as if the line contained `$(MAKE)'). * For recipe lines containing `$(MAKE)', `${MAKE}', or leading `+' characters, only those lines are executed, not the entire recipe. (This is how Unix make behaves for lines containing `$(MAKE)' or `${MAKE}'.) Version 3.50 * Filenames in rules will now have ~ and ~USER expanded. * The `-p' output has been changed so it can be used as a makefile. (All information that isn't specified by makefiles is prefaced with comment characters.) Version 3.49 * The % character can be quoted with backslash in implicit pattern rules, static pattern rules, `vpath' directives, and `patsubst', `filter', and `filter-out' functions. A warning is issued if a `vpath' directive's pattern contains no %. * The `wildcard' variable expansion function now expands ~ and ~USER. * Messages indicating failed recipe lines now contain the target name: make: *** [target] Error 1 * The `-p' output format has been changed somewhat to look more like makefile rules and to give all information that Make has about files. Version 3.48 Version 3.47 * The `-l' switch with no argument removes any previous load-average limit. * When the `-w' switch is in effect, and Make has updated makefiles, it will write a `Leaving directory' message before re-executing itself. This makes the `directory change tracking' changes to Emacs's compilation commands work properly. Version 3.46 * The automatic variable `$' is now defined for explicit rules, as it is in Unix make. Version 3.45 The `-j' switch is now put in the MAKEFLAGS and MFLAGS variables when specified without an argument (indicating infinite jobs). The `-l' switch is not always put in the MAKEFLAGS and MFLAGS variables. * Make no longer checks hashed directories after running recipes. The behavior implemented in 3.41 caused too much slowdown. Version 3.44 * A dependency is NOT considered newer than its dependent if they have the same modification time. The behavior implemented in 3.43 conflicts with RCS. Version 3.43 * Dependency loops are no longer fatal errors. * A dependency is considered newer than its dependent if they have the same modification time. Version 3.42 * The variables F77 and F77FLAGS are now set by default to $(FC) and $(FFLAGS). Makefiles designed for System V make may use these variables in explicit rules and expect them to be set. Unfortunately, there is no way to make setting these affect the Fortran implicit rules unless FC and FFLAGS are not used (and these are used by BSD make). Version 3.41 * Make now checks to see if its hashed directories are changed by recipes. Other makes that hash directories (Sun, 4.3 BSD) don't do this. Version 3.39 * The `shell' function no longer captures standard error output. Version 3.32 * A file beginning with a dot can be the default target if it also contains a slash (e.g., `../bin/foo'). (Unix make allows this as well.) Version 3.31 * Archive member names are truncated to 15 characters. * Yet more USG stuff. * Minimal support for Microport System V (a 16-bit machine and a brain-damaged compiler). This has even lower priority than other USG support, so if it gets beyond trivial, I will take it out completely. * Revamped default implicit rules (not much visible change). * The -d and -p options can come from the environment. Version 3.30 * Improved support for USG and HPUX (hopefully). * A variable reference like `$(foo:a=b)', if `a' contains a `%', is equivalent to `$(patsubst a,b,$(foo))'. * Defining .DEFAULT with no deps or recipe clears its recipe. * New default implicit rules for .S (cpp, then as), and .sh (copy and make executable). All default implicit rules that use cpp (even indirectly), use $(CPPFLAGS). Version 3.29 * Giving the -j option with no arguments gives you infinite jobs. Version 3.28 * New option: "-l LOAD" says not to start any new jobs while others are running if the load average is not below LOAD (a floating-point number). * There is support in place for implementations of remote command execution in Make. See the file remote.c. Version 3.26 * No more than 10 directories will be kept open at once. (This number can be changed by redefining MAX_OPEN_DIRECTORIES in dir.c.) Version 3.25 * Archive files will have their modification times recorded before doing anything that might change their modification times by updating an archive member. Version 3.20 * The `MAKELEVEL' variable is defined for use by makefiles. Version 3.19 * The recursion level indications in error messages are much shorter than they were in version 3.14. Version 3.18 * Leading spaces before directives are ignored (as documented). * Included makefiles can determine the default goal target. (System V Make does it this way, so we are being compatible). Version 3.14. * Variables that are defaults built into Make will not be put in the environment for children. This just saves some environment space and, except under -e, will be transparent to sub-makes. * Error messages from sub-makes will indicate the level of recursion. * Hopefully some speed-up for large directories due to a change in the directory hashing scheme. * One child will always get a standard input that is usable. * Default makefiles that don't exist will be remade and read in. Version 3.13. * Count parentheses inside expansion function calls so you can have nested calls: `$(sort $(foreach x,a b,$(x)))'. Version 3.12. * Several bug fixes, including USG and Sun386i support. * `shell' function to expand shell commands a la ` * If the `-d' flag is given, version information will be printed. * The `-c' option has been renamed to `-C' for compatibility with tar. * The `-p' option no longer inhibits other normal operation. * Makefiles will be updated and re-read if necessary. * Can now run several recipes at once (parallelism), -j option. * Error messages will contain the level of Make recursion, if any. * The `MAKEFLAGS' and `MFLAGS' variables will be scanned for options after makefiles are read. * A double-colon rule with no dependencies will always have its recipe run. (This is how both the BSD and System V versions of Make do it.) Version 3.05 (Changes from versions 1 through 3.05 were never recorded. Sorry.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Make. GNU Make is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. GNU Make is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

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